What is JavaScript? Learn to Code in JavaScript

But, What is coding?

**Codding is not just HTML, CSS, or properties like Position and Display... These languages were not specifically designed for developers, but rather are the means we use to render content in a browser.

Coding is making the computer "obey"...

Everybody uses computers for different reasons: some computers are created to help people in their office (like personal computers), others to keep a room at a specific temperature (like the NEST), others are made to walk on Mars and so many more tasks.

No matter what the computer is made for, the very base of its existence is the same: to follow commands. In this chapter, you will learn 5 basic things you’ll need to understand any modern computer through code.

Variables

Variables are not a new concept, anybody who knows math is familiar with the concept of variables.

A variable is a container in which you can store any data. For example, you can have the following variable:

1let age = 24;

With any programming language you can create as many variables as you want or need. To start, you have to declare that variable’s name using the term: var followed by a unique name (relative to the document-project).

The variable's name is the most effective way we have to describe the variable's content, so use it wisely. It is important to choose a name that clearly tells you (and other coders) about the data that is being stored in the variable. If we choose a bad or ambiguous name, our code will be almost impossible to understand, ergo it becomes unusable. For example, let’s say we change the name of our "age" variable to a, that would be:

1let a = 24 ;

As you can see above, the new variable's name does not tell us anything about the data that is being stored and why we are using it.

The name you choose for your variable really matters, so we beg you not to use generic names. Be descriptive! A vague name will make it difficult to understand the purpose of the variable, especially for other coders (including your future-self).

Assigning a Value to Variables

As developers, we can set the value of a variable at any time using the = operator. You do not have to set a value when you first declare a variable. You can set, or re-set (override) the value as many times as you want, whenever you want. The value will always be the last one you set. Below are a few examples of how to set values to variables:

1let a = 24;
2  a = 25;
3  a = 80;
4
5let b;
6  b = 9;
7  b = 108;

var vs. let vs. const

As we learned above, we use the keyword var to declare a variable. There are two other keywords that we can also use to declare variables: const & let. The main difference between these types of variables has to do with scope.

Const: This keyword is used when the value stays constant throughout the life of the script. The value of the variable declared with this keyword can never be changed. If you try to change it, it will result in an error.

Let: The values are only limited to the scope of the code block (anything between curly brackets) that it is declared in. If a function has more than one code block, the variable will be considered a different variable in each block.

Var: Its scope is within the function in which it is declared in. This means that the variable will stay the same throughout the whole function even if there is more than one block of code in the function.

🔗 Read more about var, let, and const

Variable's values are subject to change over time. To retrieve a variable's value you can print the value on the screen at any time. Each language has its own methods to print; this is how you do it in JavaScript:

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Data Types

Variables can have different types of values. Some of them are available only in specific programming languages, but almost all of them have the following types:

Data-Type	Possible Values	Description
Boolean	True | False	Booleans are meant for logical operations. If you ask a computer something like: "Does X equal 3?" It will answer with a boolean (true or false).
String	Any series of characters	Strings are the only way we have to store words (series of characters). Note: strings need to be encased within quotation marks.
Number	Only numbers	Integer numbers, negative numbers, decimal numbers, floats, etc. All possible types of numbers. Note: If you enclose a number within quotation marks, JavaScript will treat it as a string.
Undefined	The void	When a variable has no value assigned, it is undefined.
Array	A list of any type of value	A succession of any type of value. They can be mixed types of values; for example: [2, 3, ‘Word’, 2, 1, null, 232, 5, 3, 23, 234, 5, ‘hello’].
Objects	Any object	You can create your own data-types with more complex operations. We will talk more about this later.
Null	Only null	Is used to specify when the database or any other function does not return anything.

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Operations

What operations can I do to variables? Depending on the data-type you have a few different possibilities:

• Numbers are easy, you can do whatever math operation you want.
• Strings can be concatenated (merged), split, converted to Upper or Lower Case, etc.
• You can't do much to Null, Booleans, and Undefined data-types.
• We will talk about Arrays and Objects in a different section. They require a lot more attention.

Functions

Functions are pieces of code that can be reused several times during runtime, regardless of their position in the code. There are hundreds of reasons to use functions, but here are the 2 most important ones:

• Divide and conquer: It is always easier to split your problems into several smaller problems. This will become your biggest challenge when solving complex problems. Functions will be your best tools for abstraction.
• Re-use: Any normal development will take at least 5,000 lines of code. It is redundant and inefficient to keep writing the same code over and over again.

Declaring a Function

To declare a function in JavaScript you have to start using the word function followed by the name you want for that function.

You must then specify the parameters (inputs) that the function is going to have within parentheses.

Then, you will open a curly bracket and write the code that your function must always perform. Once you are finished, you then close the curly bracket and now your function is ready to be used!

Note: To return something you use the return word at any time within the content of your function (between the curly brackets).

1function multiply (param1, param2) {
2    return (param1 * param2);
3}

Parameters and Function Scope

The scope of a variable determines where that variable is available to be used. There are two main types of scopes:

Local Variables

A local variable is available only inside the scope of the nearest curly brackets. For example, variables that are passed as parameters into functions are only available within the content of that particular function.

Global Variables

If you declare a variable at the beginning of your code, it will be available throughout the entire code (including during the content of any particular function).

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Logical Operations

Computers think of everything in black or white. Everything is either True or False. All the decisions in a computer are reduced to a simple Boolean. You can prepare a computer to solve particular problems if you write code that asks the proper questions required to solve that problem.

For example, if I want a computer to give candy only to kids older than 13 years of age, I can instruct the computer to ask:

Is this kid’s age greater than 13? Yes or no?

In JavaScript, you can instruct the computer to do the following logical operations:

Operation	Syntaxis	Examples
Equal to	==	Is 5 == 5? True! Is 5 == 4? False! Is 5 == '5'? True!
Not Equal to	!=	Is 5 != 5? False! Is 5 != '5'? False! Is 1 != 'Hello' True!
Greater than	>	Is 5 > 5? False! Is 6 > 3? True!
Less than	<	Is 6 < 12? True
Greater or equal	>=	Is 6 >= 6? True Is 3 >= 6? False
Less or equal	<=	You get the idea 🙂

To create really useful operations, you can combine several operations in the same question using AND, OR, and NOT.

You can group the logical operations in parentheses, and also use nested parentheses for several operations at the same time.

Operation	Syntaxis	Examples
AND	&&	With AND, both sides HAVE TO BE TRUE in order for everything to become true. Is (5 == 5 && 3 > 1) ? True! Is ('Ramon' == 'Pedro' && 2 == 2) ? False!
OR	||	With OR, if any of the operations return TRUE, then the final output will be TRUE. Is ('Oscar' != 'Maria' OR 2 != 2)? True! Is (5 == '5' AND 'Ramon' != 'Pedro') OR (2 == 2)? True!
NOT	!	NOT will be the exact opposite of the result of the logical operator: Is !(5 > 5)? True! Is !(True)? False!

Control the Flow of Your Code

Okay, now is when everything starts getting fun! To control your applications flow you will have several options, and you are going to use each of them every single day. So, you must become comfortable using them.

If…else…

The first tool you have is the if…else conditional. It is very easy; you can tell the computer to skip any part of your code depending on the current value of your variables.

The if statement allows you to execute a piece of code if certain conditions are met (or are true). The "else" statement will execute an alternate piece of code in case the condition is false.

1if (number > 18) {
2    document.write("Hello");
3} else {
4     document.write("Good bye!");
5}

Switch

Similar to if…else… but a little bit more organized. Here, you will specify all the possible case scenarios, including the default scenario that will occur if none of the other scenarios happen.

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Use switch instead of if when:

• You are comparing multiple possible conditions of an expression and the expression itself is non-trivial.
• You have multiple values that may require the same code.
• You have some values that will require essentially all of another value’s execution, plus only a few statements.

Use if instead of switch when:

• You want to test the truthfulness of an expression.
• You only have a single affirmative test.
• You need to evaluate different expressions for each branch.

While

It is possible to loop a segment of your code as many times as you want or need. Loops are one of the most important tools for developers these days.

Imagine you are inside an elevator, the elevator needs to loop through the floors until it reaches the specific floor that you want.

A while loop will execute a block of code as long as a condition is true. Once the condition returns false, the loop will stop executing the block of code.

1let sum = 0;
2let number = 1;
3while (number <= 50) {
4  sum += number;
5  number++;
6}
7console.log("Sum = " + sum);

For

for is similar to while, with the only difference being that you have to specify the stopping condition from the beginning. For that reason, for is a little more organized and easier to understand.

Note: When looping, make sure that the statement will eventually return false so that you avoid an infinite loop. In an infinite loop, the code executes indefinitely and will cause your browser to crash.

1for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
2    document.write("This is number" + " " + i);
3}

For…in

For…in loops can be used to loop through the properties of an object. Within the parentheses, you can set any name to represent the information within the object, and then include the name of the object:

for (property in object) {
code block to be executed
}

1const dog = {
2  species: "Great Dane",
3  size: "Extra Large",
4  age: 3,
5  name: "Rocky"
6
7}
8
9for(items in dog){
10  console.log(dog[items]);
11}

So... Tell me, did you like coding?

Coding is like Taco Bell: you always use the same ingredients, except they are just mixed in different ways. You know how to write code, but... Do you know how to solve real problems?